Childhood cancer, though rare, is a serious health concern. It is different from adult cancer in how it develops, spreads, and is treated. Early detection is very important because it can increase the chances of successful treatment and improve a child’s recovery. Parents, caregivers, and doctors should be aware of the common types of childhood cancers and their symptoms to identify potential problems early.
According to Dr K. Sreekanth, Senior Consultant Surgical Oncologist at Yashoda Hospitals, Hyderabad, learning about these cancers and noticing unusual signs can save lives. Even though some symptoms may resemble common illnesses, persistent or unusual signs should always be checked by a pediatric specialist.
Childhood cancers can affect different parts of the body, including blood, bones, muscles, the brain, and internal organs. The most common types include leukemia, brain and spinal cord tumors, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, retinoblastoma, and bone cancers.
Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer, making up about one-third of all cases. It happens when abnormal cells replace healthy blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. Symptoms include persistent tiredness, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, frequent infections, easy bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, and a swollen abdomen. Early treatment is crucial to prevent complications.
Brain and spinal cord tumors are the second most common type. These tumors form when cells multiply uncontrollably in the brain or spinal cord. Symptoms can include persistent headaches, nausea, vomiting, blurred or double vision, crossed eyes, balance problems, coordination difficulties, and seizures. Symptoms depend on the tumor’s location, so any unusual neurological signs should be checked immediately.
Neuroblastoma is a cancer that starts in immature nerve cells, usually in the abdomen. It accounts for about 6% of childhood cancers. Symptoms include a lump or swelling in the abdomen, chest, neck, face, or legs, unexplained weight loss, difficulty breathing or swallowing, bathroom problems, and bone pain. Because these signs can resemble other conditions, children showing persistent symptoms should see a doctor promptly.
Wilms tumor is a rare kidney cancer in children, making up about 4% of cases. Certain genetic changes or birth defects can increase the risk, although the exact cause is unknown. Symptoms include a swollen abdomen, a noticeable belly lump, fever, nausea, loss of appetite, constipation, and blood in the urine. Early diagnosis is important to protect kidney function and improve treatment outcomes.
Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer affecting lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. It usually appears in lymph nodes in the groin, armpits, or throat. Symptoms include unexplained weight loss, persistent fever, night sweats, fatigue, and swollen lumps under the skin. Early recognition helps doctors provide effective treatment before the cancer spreads.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancer of connective tissues, like muscle and fat. It starts in cells that usually develop into muscles. Symptoms include pain or a swollen lump in the affected area. Depending on where the tumor forms, other symptoms may appear. For example, tumors in the ear may cause earaches, headaches, or nosebleeds.
Bone cancers make up around 3% of childhood cancers. The two main types are osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. They often cause prolonged bone pain and swelling in the affected area. Early detection is important because bone cancer can affect normal bone growth and may initially be mistaken for an injury.
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer that usually affects children under 5 years old. It can affect one or both eyes. Key warning signs include a white reflection in the pupil (often seen in photos, where the flash makes one eye appear white while the other appears red), squinting or misalignment of the eyes, changes in iris color, a red or inflamed eye, and poor vision. Early detection can save both sight and life.
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Childhood cancers can grow quickly, so recognizing early warning signs is crucial. Persistent symptoms, unusual lumps, swelling, or changes in behavior, energy, or vision should never be ignored. Regular check-ups and prompt consultation with a pediatrician or pediatric oncologist can help detect problems early, increasing the chances of successful treatment.
Parents and caregivers should also keep a record of any recurring symptoms and inform the doctor. Understanding the types of childhood cancers and knowing what to look for helps in taking timely action. While childhood cancer is rare, awareness and vigilance can save lives.
Supportive care, a healthy diet, and proper medical treatment are important during and after therapy. Family and school support, as well as emotional guidance, play a key role in the child’s recovery and overall well-being.
In summary, leukemia, brain and spinal tumors, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, bone cancers, and retinoblastoma are the most common childhood cancers. Knowing their symptoms — like persistent fatigue, unexplained lumps, vision changes, nausea, fever, and night sweats — helps in spotting potential issues early. Immediate medical attention, routine check-ups, and awareness among parents, caregivers, and teachers are essential for timely diagnosis and effective treatment.
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