Hundreds of people have returned to the streets of Kathmandu, Nepal’s capital, in a fresh wave of protests led largely by young people. What began as anger over the eviction of squatter families has now grown into a wider movement questioning governance, police actions and the leadership of Kathmandu Mayor Balendra “Balen” Shah.
The demonstrations mark one of the biggest public challenges faced by Balen Shah since he rose to prominence as an independent political figure. Once celebrated by many young Nepalis as a symbol of change and clean governance, Shah is now facing criticism from the same generation that helped build his popularity.
The latest protests erupted after authorities continued a large-scale eviction campaign aimed at clearing informal settlements and encroachments in Kathmandu. While city officials argued that the drive was necessary for urban management and development, critics accused the administration of removing vulnerable families without providing proper alternatives for housing and rehabilitation.
Public anger intensified after floods affected a government-run holding centre in Kirtipur, where around 150 displaced squatters had been living temporarily. The flooding exposed concerns about the living conditions in these shelters and raised questions about whether the government had adequately planned for the relocation of thousands of people.
Young activists, students and social campaigners who visited the affected site alleged that the conditions were inhumane and demanded immediate action from authorities. According to reports, some activists were detained and others were allegedly baton-charged during demonstrations, further fueling outrage among the public.
The issue quickly spread across social media platforms, where many members of Nepal’s Gen Z population expressed solidarity with displaced families. Online campaigns soon transformed into street protests, with demonstrators demanding accountability and changes in government policy.
The controversy comes after a nationwide eviction drive launched earlier this year reportedly displaced more than 15,000 people from around 2,600 families. While some families were shifted to temporary shelters, many critics argued that the government failed to provide long-term housing solutions.
For many young protesters, the issue is not only about evictions but also about how vulnerable communities are being treated. They argue that development projects should not come at the cost of basic human rights and dignity.
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The protests gained further momentum after the death of 25-year-old ride-sharing driver Ganesh Nepali. According to reports, Nepali set himself on fire after municipal police locked the wheel of his motorcycle outside the Department of Passports in Kathmandu.
His death shocked the country and triggered widespread debate about the conduct and authority of municipal police. Many citizens viewed the incident as a symbol of growing frustration among ordinary people dealing with bureaucratic and administrative pressures.
The tragedy sparked renewed criticism of the Kathmandu Metropolitan City administration and strengthened calls for accountability. Protesters began demanding investigations into police conduct and questioned whether municipal authorities had exceeded their legal powers.
Legal experts have also entered the debate. Several lawyers and former police officials have argued that Nepal’s legal framework gives municipal police limited responsibilities and does not clearly authorise them to use force, conduct baton charges or detain citizens in the manner alleged by protesters.
Under Nepal’s Constitution, local governments can establish municipal police forces to protect municipal property, parks and public facilities and to assist in civic administration. However, legal experts say their role is mainly administrative and community-oriented rather than enforcement-based.
This legal debate has become a major part of the ongoing protests. Demonstrators argue that authorities must operate within constitutional limits and respect citizens’ rights while carrying out civic responsibilities.
At the same time, protesters have broadened their demands beyond the eviction issue. Many are now calling for economic reforms, better employment opportunities for young people and more transparent governance.
Youth unemployment remains a significant concern in Nepal. Thousands of young Nepalis leave the country every year in search of jobs abroad, while many others struggle to find stable employment at home. Protesters argue that political leaders have failed to address these challenges effectively.
The demonstrations also highlight a shift in public perception of Balen Shah. When he was elected Kathmandu mayor in 2022, many young voters saw him as an outsider who could challenge traditional politics and bring meaningful reforms. His anti-establishment image and focus on urban development earned him strong support among first-time voters and educated urban youth.
However, some critics now believe that his administration’s aggressive approach toward street vendors, informal settlements and urban regulation has created tensions with sections of society. Several past incidents involving municipal police and street vendors had already sparked debate about the methods being used to enforce city rules.
Political observers say the current protests reflect deeper frustrations within Nepali society. While the immediate trigger may be evictions and police actions, the movement also represents broader concerns about governance, accountability and economic opportunities.
The protests have drawn attention from opposition leaders and civil society groups. Some politicians have called for the release of detained activists and urged authorities to engage in dialogue with protesters rather than relying on force.
Despite growing pressure, city officials maintain that their actions are aimed at improving urban management and ensuring lawful use of public spaces. They argue that development projects and enforcement measures are necessary for Kathmandu’s future growth.
For now, however, the protests show no signs of disappearing. Many young demonstrators say they will continue their movement until authorities address their concerns regarding displaced families, police accountability and broader social issues.
The situation highlights the growing political influence of Nepal’s younger generation. With social media amplifying their voices and public participation increasing, Gen Z activists are emerging as a significant force in shaping political debates in the country.
Whether the government chooses dialogue, policy changes or stricter enforcement, the coming weeks will be crucial. The protests have already become a major test for Balen Shah’s leadership and a reminder that public support can quickly shift when expectations remain unmet.
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